Muna 1931, Kistler akaparadzanisa mvura kubva kune yakasimba nekushandisa doro repamusoro rekuomesa uye kuchengetedza chimiro chegasi kubva pakuderera nekudonha, zvichiita kuti airgel munyika.
Tsanangudzo yeAirgel
Airgel ndeye lightweight nano-porous amorphous solid material ine nanometer-scale micro-particles yakasanganiswa pamwe chete kuti iite nanometer-scale porous network structure uye izere nehuwandu hwegasi dispersion media mune network skeleton.
Aerogels haisi kungoshanda zvinhu, asiwo mamiriro matsva echinhu. Iyo airgel mamiriro akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzenyaya mune zvakawanda zvivakwa. Iine saizi yakagadziriswa uye chimiro sechinhu chakasimba, asi hunyoro hwayo hunogona kubva pahupamhi hwe1 g/cm³ kusvika 0.001 g/cm³ (yakaderera pane density yemhepo); panguva imwecheteyo, ine chipanje-senge porous dhizaini, ine akawanda zvimiro zvemicroscopic (nano-scale skeleton), macroscopic (condensed matter) uye mesoscopic (multi-level uye fractal chimiro) hunhu, zvichiita kuti maaerogel ave neakawanda akasiyana zvivakwa. Iyo inoratidzira yakaderera kwazvo yekupisa conductivity, yakaderera kwazvo modulus ye elasticity, yakaderera kwazvo phonon chiyero, yakaderera kwazvo refractive index, yakaderera dielectric kugara, yakaderera kwazvo yekumhanya, yakakwira chaiyo nzvimbo, yakakura kwazvo density uye refractive index kugovera, nezvimwe.
Classification yeAerogels
Kune huwandu hwakawanda hweaerogels, inovhara dzinenge dzese zvinhu masisitimu. Kazhinji, maererano nemakemikari anoumbwa, anogona kukamurwa kuva organic aerogels, inorganic aerogels uye composite aerogels, etc. Aerogels inogonawo kuiswa musilicon, carbon, sulphur, metal oxide uye simbi masisitimu zvichienderana nezvikamu zvavo zvikuru.
Mamiriro & Basa reAerogels
Masayendisiti anoti aerogels achachinja nyika.
Airgel yakanyorwa seimwe yepamusoro gumi inopisa sainzi uye tekinoroji nyaya mune yechi10 chinyorwa cheUS magazini Science. Musi wa250 Nyamavhuvhu 20, The Times yakashuma kuti airgel ndiyo yakasimba pasirese yakasimba uye inokwanisa kumira nesimba rinoputika re2007kg yedhamu uye kukuchengeta kubva pakupisa kwetochi rinopfuudzira rinopfuura 1°C. Masayendisiti ari kuongorora kushandiswa kweairgel mune zvese kubva kune super-insulated space masutu kusvika kune supercapacitor kune zvinokonzeresa kune inotevera chizvarwa che tennis rackets. Airgel inovimbisa kukwikwidza zvizvarwa zvezvinhu zvine mukurumbira senge phenolic resin kubva kuma1300s, kabhoni fiber kubva kuma1930s uye silicone kubva kuma1980s.
Airgel yakanyorwa muGuinness Book of World Records kakawanda seyakanyanya kusimba pasirese. Airgel inewo yakadzika kwazvo yekupisa conductivity uye refractive index uye inodzoreredza kakapetwa makumi matatu nepfumbamwe pane yakanakisa girazi fibers. Airgel yakashandiswa kunyudza mhepo yeRussia Mir space station uye US Mars Pathfinder rover, uye yakatoita basa rakakosha muindasitiri yezvemuchadenga.
Nhoroondo yeAirgel Development
1931, aerogels akatanga kugadzirirwa naKistler paStanford University, USA.
1985, yekutanga simposium yeaerogels, inozivikanwa seISA, yakarongwa neInstitute of Physics paYunivhesiti yeWürzburg, Germany.
1993, maaerogels anoshandiswa kuvhara masutu emuchadenga, zvitundumuseremusere uye zvivharo zvemuchadenga.
2002, Aspen Aerogel, kambani yeNASA, yakavambwa kugadzira uye kugadzira aerogels.
2004, tsvagiridzo yeairgel yakaitwa nedzimba dzekuChina dzekutsvagisa masangano.
2006, makambani epamba airgel muChina akatanga kugadzira aerogels.
2017, China yakashambadzirwa, GB/T 34336-201, Nonporous Airgel Composite Insulation Products
2021, State Council yakaburitsa, "Action Plan yeCarbon Reaching the Peak na2023" mukumhanyisa kutsvagisa nekusimudzira kabhoni fiber, aerogel, yakakosha simbi uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvinhu.
Zvinhu Zvinokosha zveAerogels
(1) Ultra-mwenje. Airgel ndiyo yakanyanya kuomarara pasirese, ine hunyoro hushoma hwechikamu chimwe chete kubva muzvitanhatu zvehuremu hwemhepo. Rudzi rwe density mutsauko kazhinji 0.001 ~ 1g/cm³.
(2) High porosity uye yakakwirira chaiyo nzvimbo. Iyo porosity ndeye 80% ~ 99.9%, iyo chaiyo nzvimbo ndeye 200 ~ 1000m2 / g, uye saizi yakajairika yemapores ndeye 1 ~ 100nm.
(3) Super thermal insulation. Iyo aerogel's slim nano-network chimiro inonyatso kudzikamisa kupararira kwenzvimbo yekupisa yekupisa, uye yayo yakasimba-state yekupisa conductivity ndeye 2 ~ 3 mirairo yehukuru yakaderera pane iyo inoenderana negirazi zvinhu.
Nheyo ye airgel thermal insulation
Yakaderedzwa kupisa kwekufambisa: Nhamba isingaperi ye nanoparticles mu airgel inoumba mesh skeleton, uye kupisa kunogona kungoyerera pamwe nenhamba isingaperi ye nanoparticles. Kuyerera kwekupisa kunogona kungoitwa pamwe chete nenhamba isingaperi ye nanoparticles, zvichikonzera nzira inenge isingaperi yekupisa kupisa mune yakasimba. Kupisa kwekushisa muhuni kunoderedzwa kusvika kune yakaderera.
Kudziviswa kwekupisa kwemhepo : Avhareji yehukuru hwemaburi emhepo (aerogels) i20-40 nm, iyo iri diki pane avhareji yemahara emamorekuru egasi e69 nm, uye mamorekuru egasi ari mumaburi anorasikirwa nekugona kwawo kufamba akasununguka, zvichiita kuti convection isashande.
Kuderedzwa kwemwaranzi yekupisa : Madziro emaburi anoumbwa ne nanoparticles mu aerogels inodzivirira ye infrared, uye huwandu husingaperi hwekudzivirira hunoderedza zvikuru mwaranzi yekupisa.
(4) Catalysis. Iyo diki diki saizi, yakakwira chaiyo nzvimbo uye yakaderera density yeairgel inoita kuti chiitiko uye kusarudzika kweairgel catalysts kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairwa zvinokonzeresa, uye izvo zvinoshanda zvinokwanisa kuparadzirwa zvakanyanya mutakuri, uye zvakare ine yakanakisa kugadzikana kwemafuta, ayo anogona kunyatso kudzikisa kuitika kwekuita kwedivi.
(5) Kudzivirira inzwi. Iyo yakaderera ruzha velocity zvimiro zveaerogels inovaita chinhu chakanakira acoustic kunonoka kana yakakwirira tembiricha inonzwika. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana yeacoustic impedance yeairgel yakakura [103 ~ 107kg/(㎡-s)], inova yakanyanya kunaka acoustic resistance coupling material ye ultrasonic detectors. Iyo acoustic kuramba yepiezoelectric ceramics inoshandiswa kune ultrasonic jenareta uye ma detectors ndeye 1.5 × 107kg/(㎡-s), nepo acoustic kuramba kwemhepo kunongova 400kg/(㎡-s). Kushandisa silicon airgel ine hukobvu hwe1/4 wavelength uye density inosvika 0.3g/cm³ seacoustic resistance kubatanidza zvinhu pakati pepiezoelectric ceramics nemhepo inogona kuwedzera kusimba kweruzha ne30dB, kunatsiridza kutapurirana kwemafungu eacoustic uye kuderedza chiratidzo-kune-ruzha reshiyo mumashandisirwo emidziyo.
(6) Kusefa kuita. Nanostructured aerogels inogona zvakare kushandiswa semhando nyowani yeakanyanya kushanda gasi kusefa zvinhu. Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yakakura kwazvo yakasarudzika, maaerogel anoshevedzwa nemasayendisiti se "super sponges" uye akanakira kushambadza zvinosvibisa mumvura, kusveta mutobvu nemercury kubva mumvura, zvichiita kuti zvive chinhu chakanakisa chekubata nenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza.
(7) Optical properties. Pure SiO₂ airgel iri pachena uye haina ruvara, uye iyo refractive index (1.006 ~ 1.06) iri padyo neiyo yemhepo, izvo zvinoreva kuti SiO₂ airgel inenge isina kurasikirwa kwekuratidzira kune chiitiko chiedza uye inogona kunyatso fambisa chiedza chezuva. Naizvozvo, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira insulation uye kudzikisa ruzha girazi.
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