Nyaya Yepasi Pese
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) makemikari ane muchetura anokanganisa hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda pasi rese. Nekuti anogona kutakurwa nemhepo nemvura, maPOP mazhinji anogadzirwa munyika imwe anogona uye anokanganisa vanhu nemhuka dziri kure nekwaanoshandiswa nekuburitswa. Dzinorambira kwenguva yakareba mumhoteredzo uye dzinogona kuungana uye kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe kuburikidza necheni yekudya. Kuti igadzirise dambudziko iri repasi rose, United States yakabatana nedzimwe nyika dze90 uye European Community kuti isayine chibvumirano cheUnited Nations chepasi muStockholm, Sweden, muna May 2001. Pasi pechibvumirano, chinozivikanwa seStockholm Convention, nyika dzakabvumirana kuderedza kana kubvisa kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye / kana kusunungurwa kwe12 key kuwedzera (ona bhokisi), uye yakatsanangurwa pasi peChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheP OP chekuongorora chepasi rose chekuongorora kwemakemikari ane POP.
Mazhinji ePOPs akasanganisirwa muStockholm Convention haasisiri kugadzirwa munyika ino. Zvakadaro, vagari vemuUS nenzvimbo dzekugara dzinogona kuramba dziri panjodzi kubva kuPOPs dzakaramba dziri mumhoteredzo kubva kumaPOP asina kugadzirwa anoburitswa muUnited States, kubva kumaPOP anoburitswa kumwewo obva atakurwa pano (nemhepo kana mvura, semuenzaniso), kana kubva kune zvese. Kunyange zvazvo nyika zhinji dzakasimukira dzakatora chiito chakasimba kudzora maPOP, nhamba huru yenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakangotanga munguva pfupi yapfuura kuganhurira kugadzira, kushandiswa, uye kubudiswa.
Musangano weStockholm unowedzera kukosha kwepasirese kukuedza kwedu kwenyika nedunhu kudzora maPOP. Kunyangwe United States haisati yave Bato kuStockholm Convention, Chibvumirano chakaita basa guru mukudzora makemikari anokuvadza padanho renyika nepasirese. Semuenzaniso, EPA nematunhu zvakaderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa kwema dioxins uye furan kusvika pasi, mweya, uye mvura kubva kuUS masosi. Pamusoro pekuongorora madhioxin, EPA yanga ichishandawo nesimba pakudzikisira DDT kubva kupasi rose. United States neCanada dzakasaina chibvumirano cheVirtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances muGreat Lakes kuderedza kuburitswa kubva muchepfu. United States yakasainawo chibvumirano chedunhu reUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe pamusoro pePOPs pasi peConvention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution iyo inotaura nezveStockholm Convention POPs nemamwe makemikari.
Pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvine chekuita nePOPs izvo United States yakatora chikamu mukusaina, United States yakapawo rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemari nehunyanzvi kunyika dzepasi rose dzichitsigira kuderedzwa kwePOPs. Zvishoma zvezvirongwa izvi zvinosanganisira dioxin uye furan kuburitsa zvinyorwa muAsia neRussia, uye kudzikiswa kwePCB masosi muRussia.
Chii chinonzi POPs?
MaPOP mazhinji akashandiswa zvakanyanya panguva yekukura kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri mushure meHondo Yenyika II, apo zviuru zvemakemikari ekugadzira zvakaunzwa mukushandiswa kwekutengesa. Mazhinji emakemikari aya akabatsira mukudzora tumbuyu nehosha, kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa, uye mumaindasitiri. Aya makemikoro mamwe chetewo, zvisinei, akava nemigumisiro isingafanoonekwi pautano hwomunhu nemhoteredzo.
Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva mamwe maPOP anozivikanwa, akadai sePCBs, DDT, uye dioxins. POPs dzinosanganisira huwandu hwezvinhu zvinosanganisira:
Makemikari akagadzirwa nemaune parizvino kana akamboshandiswa mukurima, kutonga kwezvirwere, kugadzira, kana maindasitiri maitiro. Mienzaniso inosanganisira maPCB, ayo anga achibatsira mumhando dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri ekushandisa (semuenzaniso, mumagetsi emagetsi uye macapacitor makuru, se hydraulic uye kupisa kwekuchinjana mvura, uye sekuwedzera kune pendi uye mafuta ekuzora) uye DDT, iyo ichiri kushandiswa kudzora mosquito inotakura marariya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi.
Makemikari anogadzirwa zvisina nemaune, senge dioxins, anobva kune mamwe maitiro eindasitiri uye kubva mukupisa (semuenzaniso, kupiswa kwemarara ekanzuru nemishonga uye kupisa kwechivanze kwemarara).
Dambudziko reDDT
DDT ingangove imwe yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine mukurumbira uye ine gakava yati yaitwa. Inofungidzirwa mabhiriyoni 4 mapaundi emakemikari asingadhuri uye ezvakaitika kare akagadzirwa uye akashandiswa munyika yose kubvira 1940. MuUnited States, DDT yakashandiswa zvakanyanya pazvirimwa zvekurima, kunyanya donje, kubva ku1945 kusvika ku1972. DDT yakashandiswawo kudzivirira masoja kubva kune zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nezvipembenene zvakadai semarariya uye typhus muzvikamu zvakakosha zvehutano hwepasi rose. Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwekemikari iyi yakaramba ichienderera mberi, zvisinei, kwakakonzera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuunganidzwa kweDDT muvanhu nemhuka dzesango - chiitiko chakaunzwa kuruzhinji naRachel Carson mubhuku rake ra1962, Silent Spring. Hupfumi hwerabhoritari yesainzi uye data remumunda zvino zvakasimbisa tsvagiridzo kubva kuma1960s iyo yakaratidza, pakati pezvimwe mhedzisiro, kuti mazinga epamusoro eDDE (metabolite yeDDT) mune dzimwe shiri dzinodya nyama yakaita kuti magoko emazai adzo aite kutetepa zvakanyanya zvekuti aisakwanisa kubereka vana vapenyu.
Imwe mhando yeshiri inonyanya kunzwa DDE raive gondo remhanza. Kutyira veruzhinji pamusoro pekuderera kwemakondo uye mukana wezvimwe zvinokuvadza zvenguva refu zveDDT kuvanhu nemhuka dzesango zvakakurudzira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukanzura kunyoreswa kweDDT muna 1972. Gondo rine mhanza rakasangana neimwe yemhando inoshamisa yekupora munhoroondo yedu.
Transboundary Vafambi
Global Dust: Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza mufananidzo wesatellite wekupfuura kwegore reguruva richiyambuka Pacific Ocean kuenda kuNorth America. Gore reguruva iri rakasimudzwa nedutu muAsia muna Kubvumbi 2001. Panoratidzwawo negore reguruva rinobva kuchamhembe kweAfrica richifamba kumadokero pamusoro peAtlantic Ocean.
Kukurudzira kukuru kweStockholm Convention kwaive kuwanikwa kwekusvibiswa kwePOPs munzvimbo dzakachena dzeArctic - zviuru zvemamaira kubva kune chero inozivikanwa kupi. Huzhinji hwehumbowo hwekutakurwa kwenguva refu kwemhepo ine gasi uye zvinhu zvine mutsindo kuenda kuUnited States zvinotarisa kuguruva kana utsi nekuti zvinoonekwa mumifananidzo yesatellite. Kutsvaga kufamba kwemaPOP mazhinji munharaunda kwakaoma nekuti makomisheni aya anogona kuvapo muzvikamu zvakasiyana (semuenzaniso, segasi kana zvakanamirwa kune zvimedu zvinofambiswa nemhepo) uye zvinogona kuchinjana pakati pezvenhau. Semuyenzaniso, mamwe maPOP anogona kutakurwa kwemamaira akawanda kana achibuda mumvura kana pasi kuenda mumhepo, kana paanenge adsorbedzera kune zvimedu zvinofambiswa nemhepo. Zvadaro, vanogona kudzokera kuPasi pane zvidimbu kana muchando, mvura, kana mhute. MaPOP anofambawo nomumakungwa, nzizi, madziva, uye, kusvikira kumwero muduku, norubatsiro rwevatakuri vemhuka, dzakadai semarudzi anotama.
Ndezvipi Zviito Zvemumba Zvakatorwa Kudzora POPs?
United States yatora danho rakasimba remumba rekudzikisa kuburitswa kwePOPs. Semuenzaniso, hapana yepakutanga POPs mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyorwa muStockholm Convention yakanyoreswa kutengeswa uye kugoverwa muUnited States nhasi uye muna 1978, Congress yakarambidza kugadzirwa kwePCB uye kurambidza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemastock ePCB asara. Pamusoro pezvo, kubvira 1987, EPA nenyika dzakanyatso kudzikisa kuburitswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwema dioxins uye furan kusvika pasi, mhepo, uye mvura kubva kuUS masosi. Izvi zviito zvekutonga, pamwe nekuedza kwekuzvidira neindasitiri yeUS, zvakakonzera kudzikira kukuru kupfuura 85 muzana mukuburitswa kwe dioxin uye furan mushure megore ra1987 kubva kunzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzeindasitiri. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani njodzi dzine chekuita nekuburitswa kwe dioxin, EPA yanga ichiita ongororo yakazara yesainzi yedioxin uye ichave ichiongorora zvimwe zviito zvinogona kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.
Kumisa DDT Kushandisa
Kwemakore, United States yakatora matanho akati wandei ekurambidza kushandiswa kweDDT:
1969: Pashure pokuongorora kupfuurira kwezvisaririra zveDDT mumhoteredzo, Dhipatimendi Rezvekurima reUnited States (USDA) rinokanzura kunyoreswa kumwe kushandiswa kweDDT (pamiti yemimvuri, pafodya, mumusha, uye munzvimbo dzomumvura).
1970: USDA inokanzura zvikumbiro zveDDT pazvirimwa, zvirimwa zvokutengeserana, uye zvigadzirwa zvemapuranga, pamwe chete nezvinangwa zvokuvaka.
1972: Pasi pesimba reEPA, kunyoreswa kwezvakasara zvigadzirwa zveDDT kwakamiswa.
1989: Izvo zvakasara zvisingabvumirwe kushandiswa (kushandiswa kwehutano hweveruzhinji kudzora zvirwere zvinotakurwa nevector, kushandiswa kwechiuto kuvharirwa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kudzora inda dzemuviri) zvinomiswa nekuzvidira.
Nhasi: Hapana kunyoreswa kweDDT kweUS, zvichireva kuti haigone kutengeswa kana kugoverwa zviri pamutemo muUnited States.
Kudzora Dioxins
EPA yakatevera kutonga kwekutonga uye manejimendi edhioxin uye furan inoburitswa kumhepo, mvura, uye ivhu. Iyo Yakachena Mhepo Act inoda kushandiswa kweyepamusoro inogoneka yekudzora tekinoroji kune zvine njodzi zvinosvibisa mweya, kusanganisira dioxin uye furan. Zvitubu zvakakura zvinodzorwa pasi pechiremera ichi zvinosanganisira kupiswa kwemarara ane ngozi; kugadzira mapepa uye pulp; uye mamwe masimbi ekugadzira uye kunatsa maitiro. Dioxin inoburitswa kumvura inodzorwa kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wengozi-yakavakirwa uye tekinoroji-yakavakirwa maturusi akaiswa pasi peKuchena Mvura Act. Kucheneswa kwenyika ine dioxin-yakasvibiswa chikamu chakakosha cheEPA Superfund uye Resource Conservation uye Recovery Act Corrective Action zvirongwa. Zviito zvekuzvidira kudzora madhioxin nemafuran zvinosanganisira EPA's Persistent, Bioaccumulative, uye Toxics Chirongwa uye Dioxin Exposure Initiative, ese ari maviri anounganidza ruzivo kuzivisa zvichaitika mune ramangwana uye zvakare kuderedza njodzi dzine chekuita nekufumurwa kwedioxin.
MaPOP Anobata Sei Vanhu Nemhuka dzesango?
Zvidzidzo zvakabatanidza kuratidzwa kwePOPs nekudzikira, zvirwere, kana kusagadzikana mune akati wandei emhuka dzesango, kusanganisira mamwe marudzi ehove, shiri, uye zvinoyamwisa. Mhuka dzemusango zvakare dzinogona kuita sevarindi vehutano hwevanhu: kusagadzikana kana kuderera kunoonekwa muhuwandu hwemhuka dzesango kunogona kuridza bhero rekunyevera vanhu. Hunhu husina kujairika uye hurema hwekuzvarwa muhove, shiri, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa mukati nekutenderedza Great Lakes, semuenzaniso, zvakaita kuti masayendisiti aongorore kufumurwa kwePOP muhuwandu hwevanhu (ona pazasi kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezveGreat Lakes).
Muvanhu, kubereka, kusimudzira, hunhu, neurologic, endocrine, uye immunological yakashata hutano mhedzisiro yakabatana nePOPs. Vanhu vanonyanya kuoneswa maPOP kuburikidza nechikafu chine utachiona. Nzira dzisina kujairika dzinosanganisira kunwa mvura ine utachiona uye kubata zvakananga nemakemikari. Muvanhu nezvimwe zvinoyamwisa zvakafanana, maPOP anogona kutamiswa kuburikidza nebepa uye nemukaka wezamu kuenda kumwana ari kukura. Kunofanira kucherekedzwa, zvisinei, kuti pasinei hapo nokuratidzirwa kunobvira, betsero dzinozivikanwa dzokuyamwisa dzinopfuura nokure ngozi dzinofungidzirwa.
Huwandu hwevanhu vari panjodzi yekufumurwa nePOPs, kusanganisira vanhu vane kudya kwavo kunosanganisira hove dzakawanda, hove, kana chikafu chemusango chine mafuta akawanda uye chinowanikwa munharaunda. Semuyenzaniso, vanhu veko vanogona kunge vari panjodzi zvakanyanya nekuti vanocherekedza tsika nemagariro zvemweya zvine chekuita nekudya kwavo. Kwavari, kubata hove uye kuvhima haisi mutambo kana nhandaro, asi chikamu chetsika, mararamiro ehupenyu, umo pasina chikamu chinobatsira chekubata chinoraswa. Munzvimbo dziri kure dzeAlaska nedzimwe nzvimbo, chikafu chinowanikwa munharaunda chinogona kunge chiri chega chega chega chekudya kunovaka muviri (ona pazasi kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve Arctic).
Pamusoro pezvo, vanhu vane hanya, sevana, vakweguru, uye avo vane immune system yakadzvinyirirwa, vanowanzo batwa nemhando dzakawanda dzezvinosvibisa, kusanganisira maPOP. Nekuda kwekuti maPOP ane chekuita nekuremara pakuzvara, varume nevakadzi vezera rekubereka vana vanogonawo kunge vari panjodzi.
POPS uye Food Chain
MaPOP anoshanda nenzira yawo kuburikidza necheni yechikafu nekuunganidza mumafuta emuviri wezvipenyu uye kuwedzera kunangana sezvaanofamba kubva kune chimwe chisikwa kuenda kune chimwe. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa se "biomagnification." Kana zvinosvibisa zvikawanikwa muhushoma pazasi pecheni yechikafu biomagnify, zvinogona kuunza njodzi huru kune zvikara zvinodya pamusoro pecheni yechikafu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe kuburitswa kudiki kwePOPs kunogona kuve nekukanganisa kukuru.
Biomagnification in Action: Chidzidzo cha1997 chakaitwa neArctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, inonzi Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report, yakawana kuti caribou muCanada's Northwest Territories yakanga ine kakapetwa ka10 mazinga ePCBs sechigwere chavaifura; Mwero wePCB mumapere aidya pacaribou akakudzwa kanoda kusvika 60 kupfuura chirwanda.
Basa reSainzi
Kunyangwe masayendisiti aine zvakawanda zvekudzidza nezvemakemikari ePOPs, makumi emakore ekutsvagisa kwesainzi akawedzera zvakanyanya ruzivo rwedu rwekukanganisa kwePOP pavanhu nemhuka dzesango. Semuyenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvemurabhoritari zvakaratidza kuti kuderera kwedosi yemamwe maPOPs kunokanganisa zvakanyanya mamwe maorgan system uye budiriro. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo kuti kusingaperi kuratidzwa kune yakaderera dosi yemamwe maPOPs kunogona kukonzera kubereka uye immune system kushomeka. Kuratidzwa kune yakakwira mamwe makemikari ePOPs - akakwira kupfuura anosanganikwa nawo nevanhu nemhuka dzesango - anogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kana kufa. Zvidzidzo zveEpidemiological zvehuwandu hwevanhu vakafumurwa uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka dzesango zvinogona kupa rumwe ruzivo nezvehutano hwehutano. Zvisinei, nokuti zvidzidzo zvakadaro hazvidzoreki zvishoma pane zvidzidzo zverabhoritari, kumwe kushushikana hakugoni kubviswa sechikonzero chemigumisiro yakaipa.
Sezvatinoenderera mberi nekudzidza nezvePOPs, tichadzidza zvakawanda nezvenjodzi yekuonekwa kwePOP kune veruzhinji, kuti mamwe marudzi (kusanganisira vanhu) ari kufumurwa zvakadii, uye kuti maPOP anei pamhando idzi nemagariro adzo. EPA yakagadzira mushumo unopfupikisa sainzi paPOPs (ona Zviwanikwa pazasi).
Reservoirs dzePOPs
MaPOP anogona kuiswa mumakungwa nemumvura yakachena ecosystems kuburikidza nekuburitswa kwemvura, kuiswa kwemuchadenga, kumhanya, uye dzimwe nzira. Nekuti maPOP ane kunyungudika kwemvura kwakadzikira, anobatana zvakasimba kuti aite zvinhu zviri mumvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, sediments inogona kushanda semadhiramu kana "kunyura" kwePOPs. Kana akatemerwa mune idzi sediments, maPOP anogona kubviswa mukutenderera kwenguva yakareba. Kana zvikakanganiswa, zvakadaro, zvinogona kudzoserwa muecosystem uye cheni yechikafu, zvichigona kuve sosi yekusvibiswa kwenzvimbo, uye kunyangwe pasirese.
SINOYQX yakatorwa kubva muPersistent Organic Pollutants: Nyaya Yepasi Pose, Mhinduro Yepasi Pose | US EPA