Na 13:00 nguva yemuno pa24 Nyamavhuvhu 2023, Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant yakatanga kuburitsa mvura ine nyukireya mugungwa. Zvakamutsa kunetseka kwakapararira munyika. Mumiriri weChina kuJapan Wu Jianghao akaratidzira kuhurumende yeJapan pamusoro pekuburitswa kwemvura yakasvibiswa yeFukushima mugungwa; China's General Administration of Customs: Kumiswa kwakakwana kwekupinzwa kunze kwezvinhu zvemumvura zveJapan; Mutungamiriri weSouth Korea: South Korea ichachengetedza kurambidzwa kwekunze kwezvinhu zvemumvura zveJapan Fukushima zvisina kuchinjwa.
Sewage yenyukireya, sezvinoreva zita racho, itsvina ine radioactivity. Zvakadai semvura yakaraswa nemwaranzi yakawanda inogadzirwa munjodzi dzenyukireya dzekuvuza, kana mvura inotonhodza ichisangana nemafuta enyukireya. Nyanzvi dzinoti mvura inorasa yenyukireya haina kuenzana nemvura inorasa yenyukireya. Sewage yenyukireya inotonyanya kukuvadza, ine 64 marudzi enyukireya radioactive zvinhu zvinosanganisira tritium.
Nuclear sewage ine akawanda radioactive zvinhu, zvakaita seuranium, plutonium, caesium, strontium, iodine uye cobalt. Vamwe vavo vane hupenyu hurefu hwehafu, hwakadai sehafu yehupenyu hweuranium-238, iyo 4.5 bhiriyoni makore, uye hafu yehupenyu hweplutonium-239, iyo 24,000 makore. Aya ma radioactive zvinhu anoisa njodzi dzakakomba kumuviri wemunhu uye nharaunda, senge carcinogenicity, teratogenicity uye mutagenicity. Zvichienderana nekwakabva kwakasiyana uye mamiriro ezvinhu, kuwanda uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobudisa mwaranzi mutsvina yenyukireya zvinosiyana, asi kazhinji zvinodarika zvipimo zvepasi rose nedziviriro.
Kana tsvina yenyukireya ikaiswa mukati menzvimbo pasina kurapwa kwakaringana, inove nekukanganisa kwakakomba pane ecosystem uye hutano hwevanhu. Radioactive zvinhu zvinogona kutapuriranwa kuburikidza nemvura, ivhu, mhepo, chikafu cheni, zvichingodaro, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwemwaranzi yemwaranzi muzvisikwa, zvichikonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana uye gene mutations. Naizvozvo, marapirwo nekuraswa kwetsvina yenyukireya kunofanirwa kutevedzera zvimiro zvekuchengetedza zvakasimba uye zvimiro kudzivirira chero kuvuza netsaona.
Tekinoroji dzekurapa mvura yenyukireya dzinoshandiswa munyika dzakasiyana siyana ndeidzi:
- Chemical precipitation method
Iyo kemikari yekunaya kwemakemikari inzira yekudzoreredza iyo inonaya mvura uye huwandu hwema radionuclides mumvura yetsvina. Hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates uye mamwe makomisheni eradionuclides mumvura yetsvina haanyanyi kunyungudika nekudaro anogona kubviswa panguva yekurapa. Chinangwa chekurapa makemikari ndechekuendesa uye kuisa ma radionuclides mumvura yetsvina kune vhoriyamu diki yematope, kuitira kuti mvura yetsvina yaiswa isave neradioactivity shoma yasara uye inokwanisa kuzadzisa zviyero zvekuburitsa.
Zvakanakira nzira iyi mutengo wakaderera, yakanaka yekubvisa mhedzisiro ye logarithmic radionuclides, uye kugona kurapa zvisiri-radioactive zvikamu uye kudzika kwazvo uye yakanyungudika tsvina ine mvura yakawanda. Zvivakwa zvekurapa uye matekinoroji anoshandiswa ane ruzivo rwakakura.
Parizvino, precipitants yakaita sesimbi munyu, aruminiyamu munyu, phosphates, uye soda ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Kuti usimudzire maitiro ekubatanidza, coagulation zvinobatsira senge ivhu, activated silica, uye polymer electrolytes inowedzerwa. Kune cesium, ruthenium, iodine uye mamwe akadzika radioactive nuclides ayo akaoma kubvisa, yakakosha makemikari precipitants inofanira kushandiswa. Semuyenzaniso, cesium inogona kubviswa necoprecipitation yeferric ferrocyanide uye copper ferrocyanide. Vamwe vanhu vanoshandisa insoluble starch xanthate kurapa simbi-ine radioactive tsvina. Maitiro ekurapa akanaka, iko kushandiswa kwakakura, uye chiyero chekubvisa radioactive chiri> 90%. Iyo ion yekuchinjana flocculant ine yakanakisa kuita. Nekuti hapana yakasara sulfide kana uchirapa mvura yetsvina, inonyanya kukodzera kuchenesa mvura.
- Ion kuchinjana nzira
Mazhinji radionuclides anoiswa ionized mumvura, kunyanya mvura ine radioactive tsvina mushure mekunaya kwemakemikari. Nekuda kwekubviswa kweakamiswa uye colloidal radionuclides, chasara inenge ionic marudzi, mazhinji acho ari cations. Uyezve, ma radionuclides aripo muhushoma mumvura, saka akakodzera kwazvo kurapwa kweiyoni, uye kana pasina kukanganiswa kubva kune asiri-radioactive ion, ion exchange inogona kushanda zvinobudirira kwenguva yakareba. Mazhinji cation exchange resin ane yakakwirira yekubvisa huwandu uye yakakura yekutsinhana huwandu hweradioactive strontium. Iyo phenolic cation resin inogona kunyatsobvisa radioactive cesium, uye iyo microporous cation resin haingobvisi radioactive cations, asi zvakare kubvisa zirconium, niobium, cobalt muchimiro colloids, uye ruthenium muchimiro checomplexes kuburikidza neadsorption. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu une utera hunouraya. Kana zvirimo zveradioactive nuclides kana asiri-radioactive ions mumvura yetsvina zvakakwirira, mubhedha weresin uchapinda nekukasira wobva washaya basa. Kazhinji, resin inoshandiswa kurapa tsvina yeradioactive haina kuvandudzwa, saka kana yangokundikana, inofanira kutsiviwa nekukasira.
Iyo nzira yekuchinjanisa ion inoshandisa ion exchange resin, iyo inokodzera tsvina yemvura ine munyu wakaderera. Kana iyo munyu yakakwira, mutengo wekurapa neion exchange resin yakakwirira pane yekusarudza maitiro. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekusarudzika kwakaderera kweresin iyo ine kuwirirana kukuru neradionuclides. Mukucheneswa kwemvura yakaraswa neradioactive, kushandiswa kwe electrodialysis kunogona kuwedzera kugona kwekushandisa kweion exchange process.
- Adsorption nzira
Adsorption inzira inoshanda yekubvisa heavy metal ions kubva mumvura nekushandisa porous solid substances kudsorb nekubvisa heavy metal ions. Iyo yakakosha tekinoroji ye adsorption nzira isarudzo ye adsorbent. Inowanzoshandiswa adsorbents inonzi activated carbon, zeolite, kaolin, bentonite, ivhu, etc. Pakati pavo, zeolite inodhura, yakachengeteka uye iri nyore kuwana. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe inorganic adsorbents, zeolite ine yakakura adsorption kugona uye nani yekuchenesa maitiro. Kugona kucheneswa kwezeolite kwakapetwa kagumi kupfuura kwemamwe inorganic adsorbents, saka inokwikwidza zvikuru mushonga wekurapa mvura. Inowanzo shandiswa se adsorbent mukugadzirisa mvura maitiro, uye inoshandawo se ion exchanger uye sefa mumiriri.
Activated kabhoni ine yakasimba adsorption chiyero uye yakakwirira yekubvisa mwero, asi iyo yekuvandudza kabhoni activated yakaderera, uye mhando yemvura yemvura yakabikwa yakaoma kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekushandisa zvakare. Mutengo wacho unodhura uye kushandiswa kune zvishoma. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvakasiyana-siyana zve adsorbent zvinhu zvine adsorption simba zvakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvidzidzo zvine chekuita nazvo zvakaratidza kuti chitosan uye zvinobva mairi zvakanaka adsorbents kune heavy metal ions. Mushure mekuyambuka, chitosan resin inogona kushandiswazve kakawanda pasina kudzikisa zvakanyanya adsorption kugona. Kushandisa yakagadziridzwa sepiolite kurapa heavy metal tsvina ine yakanaka adsorption kugona yeCo neAg, uye inorema simbi yemukati mumvura yetsvina yakacheneswa yakadzikira zvakanyanya pane yakazara sewage discharge standard.
- Evaporation uye kuisa pfungwa
Iyo evaporative yekumisikidza nzira ine yakakwira yekumisikidza chinhu uye yekuchenesa chinhu, uye inonyanya kushandiswa kurapa yepakati uye yepamusoro-mwero weradioactive tsvina. Nheyo yekushanda kweiyo evaporation nzira ndeye: iyo radioactive tsvina yemvura inotumirwa kune evaporation mudziyo, uye panguva imwe chete, kupisa kwemhepo kunounzwa kuti ibudise mvura mumhute yemvura, nepo radionuclides inoramba iri mumvura. Mvura yakanyungudutswa yakaumbwa panguva yekubuda evaporation inoburitswa kana kushandiswazve, uye mvura yakanyungudutswa inosimbiswa zvakare. Iyo evaporation yekumisikidza nzira haina kukodzera kurapa tsvina yemvura ine nuclides inoputika uye kupupa nyore nyore; inopedza simba rakawanda rekupisa uye ine mari yakawanda yekushandisa; panguva imwecheteyo, zvinogona kutyisidzira zvakadai sekuora, kuyera, uye kuputika kunofanira kufungwa panguva yekugadzira nekushanda. Kuti tivandudze mashandisirwo eutsi uye kudzikisira mitengo yekushanda, nyika dzanga dzisiri kuedza mukugadzira evaporator nyowani, senge mhute yekumanikidza evaporator, nhete yemafirimu evaporator, vacuum evaporator uye mamwe maevaporator matsva akawana mhedzisiro inoshamisa.
- Membrane separation tekinoroji
Tekinoroji yeMembrane inzira inoshanda, ine mari uye yakavimbika yekurapa tsvina yeradioactive. Nekuti tekinoroji yekuparadzanisa tekinoroji ine hunhu hwemhando yakanaka yemvura, hapana shanduko yezvikamu, uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa, tekinoroji yemembrane yakatsvagirwa nekushingaira.
Tekinoroji yeMembrane inoshandiswa kunze kwenyika ndeiyi: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration , water-soluble polymer – membrane filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, membrane distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, liquid membrane, ferrite adsorption filtration membrane separation uye anion-exchange paper membrane nedzimwe nzira.
Melamine furo, rudzi rwenanoscale yakagadzikana matatu-dimensional net organic filtration substrate, saizi yaro pore inosvika 1nm, pore inokwana 0.297cc/g, pore kuvhura chiyero kusvika 98%. Inogona kuwana adsorption inoshanda uye kusefa kwesuweji yenyukireya, kunyangwe akawanda marudzi e adsorbents anowedzerwa nawo.
- Biological treatment
Biological treatment nzira dzinosanganisira phytoremediation uye microbial nzira. Phytoremediation inoreva tekinoroji nyowani yekurapa-in-situ inoshandisa zvirimwa zvakasvibira uye rhizosphere yavo yemuno tupukanana kuti vashande pamwechete kubvisa zvinosvibisa nharaunda.
Kubva pane zvawanikwa zvekutsvagisa zviripo, mhando dzinoshanda dzebioremediation tekinoroji dzinonyanya kusanganisira dzakavakwa wetland tekinoroji, rhizosphere filtration tekinoroji, tekinoroji yekubvisa chirimwa, tekinoroji yekusimbisa zvidyarwa, uye tekinoroji yekufefetera kwechirimwa. Mhedzisiro yebvunzo inoratidza kuti inenge yese uranium iri mumuviri wemvura inogona kupfumiswa mumidzi yezvirimwa.
Microbiological kurapwa kwemvura yakaderera-radioactive tsvina inyanzvi nyowani yakatanga kudzidzwa muma1960s. Pakave nezvimwe zvidzidzo pamusoro pekubviswa kweuranium mumvura ine radioactive tsvina nenzira iyi kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, asi mazhinji acho ari munhanho yekutsvagisa pari zvino.
Nekuvandudzwa kwebiotechnology uye nekudzidza kwakadzama kwemaitiro ekudyidzana pakati pezvipembenene nesimbi, vanhu vakaziva zvishoma nezvishoma kuti kushandiswa kwehutachiona kurapa kusvibiswa kwemvura yemarara inzira inovimbisa. Maseru eMicrobial anoshandiswa sebiological treatment agents kutora, kupfumisa uye kudzoreredza radionuclides senge uranium mune aqueous solution, ine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, mutengo wakaderera uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa. Uyezve, hapana chechipiri chinosvibisa, chinogona kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzikisa chemarara eradioactive uye kugadzira mamiriro akanaka ekuvandudza kana geological kuraswa kwema nuclides.
- Magneto-molecule nzira
IUnited States Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) yakagadzira nzira yeMag-Mole-clue yekudzikisa huwandu hwemarara eradioactive senge strontium, cesium uye cobalt inogadzirwa. Iyo nzira yakavakirwa papuroteni inonzi ferritin, iyo inogadziridzwa kuti ishandise magineti mamorekuru kuti isarudze kusunga zvinosvibisa, izvo zvinobva zvabviswa kubva mugadziriso nemagineti, uye ipapo masimbi akasungwa anodzoserwa nekudzosera kumashure magineti sefa mubhedha. Ferritin ipuroteni yakachengetedzwa yakawanda inoshanda yakawanda inowanzowanikwa muzvisikwa zvipenyu, ine hunhu hunokosha hwekuramba kunyungudutsa acids (pH<2.0), dilute bases (pH= 12.0), uye tembiricha yepamusoro (isingachinji kusvika 70～75°C tembiricha yemvura). Nekudzika kwekutsvagisa kweferritin, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mukudzidza kwemabasa matsva in vitro uchishandisa nano space yeprotein shell yayo. In vitro zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti ferritin inokwanisa kuchengeta heavy metal ions in vitro. Mukuwedzera, zvidzidzo zvekare zvakatarisa pane nzira yekuchengetedza simbi uye kusunungurwa kubva kune ferritin uchishandisa mamwe majoni anorema semaprobes anokwikwidzana nesimbi ions. Kusiyana neizvi, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti iyi pfuma yeferritin kubata simbi ions uye kusakwanisa kudzoka shure inogona kushandiswa kugadzira ferritin reactor uye kuishandisa mumunda kuti irambe ichitarisa chiyero chekusvibiswa kwemvura inoyerera neheavy metal ions. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo emu vitro, mamwe masimbi esimbi, akadai seFeS nuclei, CdS nuclei, Mn3O4 nuclei, Fe3O4 magnetic iron nuclei uye uranium nuclei yeradioactive materials, akabudirira kuunganidzwa mu nano space yeferritin protein shells.
- Inert yekurapa nzira
Pennsylvania State University neSavannah River National Laboratory vakagadzira nzira itsva yekugadzirisa zvimwe zvinwiwa zvakaderera zveradioactive marara kuita fomu yakasimba yekuraswa kwakachengeteka. Iyi nzira itsva inoshandisa yakadzika-tembiricha (<90°C) coagulation nzira kudzikamisa yakanyanya alkaline, yakaderera-activity radioactive tsvina yemvura, kureva, kushandura tsvina yemarara kuita inert solidified body. Masayendisiti akadana muviri wekupedzisira wakarapwa "hydro ceramic" (bisque-fired porous ceramic). Vanoti muviri wekupedzisira wakaomeswa wakanyanya kuoma, wakagadzikana uye unogara kwenguva refu, uye unogona kugadzirisa radionuclides mune yayo zeolite chimiro. Iyi nzira yekugadzirira yakafanana nekuumbwa kwematombo muzvisikwa.
- Zero-valent iron percolation reaction wall tekinoroji
The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) inzira iri kubuda munyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seEurope neUnited States yekubvisa in-situ zvinhu zvinosvibisa mumvura yepasi yakasvibiswa. PRBs anowanzo kuisirwa pasi pevhu aquifers, perpendicular kune nzira yekuyerera kwemvura yepasi. Kana mvura yepasi yakasvibiswa ichiyerera nemumadziro ekuita pasi pekuita kweiyo yega hydraulic gradient, zvinosvibisa zvinobviswa nekuita kwemuviri uye kemikari nezvinoita zvinhu mumadziro, kuitira kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzorera kusvibiswa.
Iyi inzira yekudzoreredza yekungoita iyo inoda gadziriso shoma uye isingadhure. Sebazi rakakosha rePRB tekinoroji, Fe0-PRB tekinoroji yakatsvakurudzwa uye yakagadziridzwa munyika dzakawanda uye mune zvakawanda zvekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepasi. Zvinokurudzira zvakawanikwa mukudzidza kwemaitiro ekuita, chimiro uye kuiswa kwePRBs, uye kudzidza kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinoshanda. Nyanzvi dzeChina dzakatanga kudzidza tekinoroji inoshanda yemadziro emadziro inomiririrwa ne zero-valent iron yekugadzirisa (kurapa) yeuranium tailings radioactive tsvina yemvura, uye tsvagiridzo yazvino yawana mhedzisiro.
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